A swaption is an option that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to enter into an interest rate swap at a future date. There are two types of swaptions:
A Payer Swaption allows the holder to pay a fixed rate and receive a floating rate. This is similar to a call option on interest rates, benefiting from rising rates. A Receiver Swaption allows
the holder to receive a fixed rate and pay a floating rate. This is akin to a put option on interest rates, advantageous when rates fall.
Swaptions are used to hedge interest rate risk or for speculative purposes. For example, a firm might buy a payer swaption to protect against rising borrowing costs, while a mortgage holder might
buy a receiver swaption to protect against falling rates.
The value of a swaption is derived from the expected cash flows of the underlying swap, discounted to the present using the zero-coupon curve. The forward swap rate and implied volatility are key
inputs for valuation.
The forward swap rate is the fixed rate agreed upon today for a swap that will start at a specific future date. It represents the rate at which the market expects the fixed payments of a swap to
be exchanged for floating payments in the future, equivalent to pricing an IRS that starts in the future.
The zero-coupon curve, the yields of zero-coupon bonds derived through bootstrapping from the prices of various risk-free securities across different maturities is used to discount future cash
flows to their present value.
It also provides forward rates essential for swap valuation in a no-arbitrage environment.
Implied volatility is also a used for swaption pricing as it captures the market’s expectations of future interest rate movements and directly influences the premium of the
swaption.
One method to price swaptions is Black's model, which uses the following formulas:
PV_payer(t) = NA[S * Φ(d1) - K * Φ(d2)]
PV_receiver(t) = NA[K * Φ(-d2) - S * Φ(-d1)]
With:
- N = Notional principal amount
- A = Annuity factor, the present value of the swap's fixed leg
- S = Forward swap rate
- K = Strike rate of the swaption
- Φ (Phi)= Cumulative standard normal distribution function
- d1 = [ln(S/K) + (σ^2 / 2) * T] / (σ * sqrt(T))
- d2 = d1 - σ * sqrt(T)
Let's
consider the following example to price a payer swaption:
- Notional (N): $10,000,000
- Swaption Maturity (T): 1 year
- Underlying Swap Tenor: 5 years
- Strike Rate (K): 3%
- Forward Swap Rate (S): 3.5%
- Implied Volatility (σ): 20%
- Annuity Factor (A): Approximately 4.25 years
- Discount Factors (D1 = 0.95, D5 = 0.80)
- ln(3.5% / 3%) = ln(1.1667) ≈ 0.154
- σ^2 / 2 = 0.02
- d1 = (0.154 + 0.02) / 0.2 = 0.87
- d2 = 0.87 - 0.2 = 0.67
- Φ(0.87) ≈ 0.8078
- Φ(0.67) ≈ 0.7486
PV_payer = NA[S * Φ(d1) - K * Φ(d2)] = 10,000,000 * 4.25 * [(0.035 * 0.8078) - (0.03 * 0.7486)] = $247,362.50, premium for this payer
swaption.
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